Is copper beneficial for COVID-19 patients?

Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient for both pathogens and the hosts during viral infection. Cu is involved in the functions of critical immune cells such as T helper cells, B cells, neutrophils natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages. These blood cells are involved in the killing of infectious microbes, in cell-mediated immunity and the production of specific antibodies against the pathogens. Cu-deficient humans show an exceptional susceptibility to infections due to the decreased number and function of these blood cells. Besides, Cu can kill several infectious viruses such as bronchitis virus, poliovirus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1), other enveloped or nonenveloped, single- or double-stranded DNA and RNA viruses. Moreover, Cu has the potent capacity of contact killing of several viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Since the current outbreak of the COVID-19 continues to develop, and there is no vaccine or drugs are currently available, the critical option is now to make the immune system competent to fight against the SARS-CoV-2. Based on available data, we hypothesize that enrichment of plasma copper levels will boost both the innate and adaptive immunity in people. Moreover, owing to its potent antiviral activities, Cu may also act as a preventive and therapeutic regime against COVID-19.

Clinical Features, Diagnostic Evaluation, and Management of COVID-19 Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-associated coronavirus pandemic has posed a global health emergency. METHODS: We focused on clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, management, infection prevention, and safe handling of deceased bodies with suspected and confirmed COVID-19. RESULTS: The case fatality rate is estimated at around 3%. Diagnosis is by the demonstration of the virus in respiratory secretions by RT-PCR mainly. Common laboratory findings include average/low white cell counts with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). The disease is mild in most people; in some (usually the elderly and those with comorbidities), it may progress to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes (MODS). CONCLUSION: Treatment is primarily supportive; the role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. Prevention entails home isolation of suspected cases and those with mild illnesses and strict infection control measures at hospitals that include contact and droplet precautions.

Epidemiology, Transmission, and Molecular Immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2.

INTRODUCTION: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-associated coronavirus pandemic has posed a global health emergency. METHODS: This chapter focuses on the epidemiology and transmission immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on the available data on SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. RESULTS: The virus is transmitted by inhalation or contact with infected droplets, and the incubation period ranges from 2 to 14 days. The case fatality rate is estimated at 6%. Following binding with cell surface angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, the SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell and replicates by using host machinery to cause disease. CONCLUSIONS: Cytokine storm due to COVID-19 has challenged the treatment outcome.

Origin and Structural Biology of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2).

INTRODUCTION: A recent rapid outbreak of infection around the globe has been caused by a novel coronavirus, now known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan city of Hubei province, People's Republic of China. METHODS: We reviewed the currently available literature on coronaviruses. RESULTS: Coronaviruses are a group of enveloped viruses with non-segmented, single-stranded, and positive-sense RNA genomes. Although 13 variation sites in open reading frames have been identified among SARS-CoV-2 strains, no mutation has been observed so far in envelop protein. The origin and structural biology of SARS-CoV-2 in details are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Origin and structural biology will help the researchers identify the virus's mechanism in the host and drug design. Currently, no clinical treatments or prevention strategies are available for any human coronavirus.

Impact of lockdown on learning status of undergraduate and postgraduate students during COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal, India.

To assess the impact of lockdown amidst COVID-19 on undergraduate and postgraduate learners of various colleges and universities of West Bengal. An online survey was conducted from 1 May to 8 May 2020 to collect the information. A structural questionnaire link using 'Google form' was sent to students' through WhatsApp and E-mail. A total of 232 students provided complete information regarding the survey. The simple percentage distribution was used to assess the learning status of the study participants. During the lockdown period, around 70% of learners were involved in e-learning. Most of the learners were used android mobile for attending e-learning. Students have been facing various problems related to depression anxiety, poor internet connectivity, and unfavorable study environment at home. Students from remote areas and marginalized sections mainly face enormous challenges for the study during this pandemic. This study suggests targeted interventions to create a positive space for study among students from the vulnerable section of society. Strategies are urgently needed to build a resilient education system in the state that will ensure to develop the skill for employability and the productivity of the young minds.